Gender-Based Violence
Gender-Based Violence: Stats and Facts
GBV manifests in multiple forms and contexts.
Affirming the right of women and girls to live a life free from violence is a vital and necessary step toward advancing CARE’s vision of a world of hope, tolerance and social justice, where poverty has been overcome and all people live in dignity and security.
GBV manifests in multiple forms and contexts
Intimate partner violence
Intimate partner violence is the most common form of GBV. This is deeply intertwined with Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR).
- Worldwide, almost a third (27%) of women aged 15 to 49 who have been in a relationship say their intimate partner has subjected them to physical and/or sexual violence.
Reference: Violence against women. (Retrieved November 16, 2021). - Physical and sexual abuse by male partners greatly exceeds the prevalence of all other forms of violence in most women’s lives.[1] This is linked with violence as a source of power over women.[2]
- References:
- "What works to prevent partner violence: An evidence overview".
- "From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls." The Lancet, 385(9977), 1580-1589. (all Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- References:
- Among the areas where the WHO operates, lifetime intimate partner violence prevalence estimates range from 20 percent in the Western Pacific, 22 percent in high-income countries and Europe, and 25 percent in the Americas Regions, to 33 percent in the African region, 31 percent in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and 33 percent in the South-East Asia region.
- Reference: Global Fact Sheet: Violence Against Women-Prevalence Estimates, 2018. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Surveys conducted in 87 countries between 2005 and 2016 indicate that 19% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 experienced physical and/or sexual violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the previous 12 months.
- Reference: United Nations, Economic and Social Council (2017). Progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals: report of the Secretary-General. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- There is a correlation between alcohol abuse and the frequency and severity of partner violence.
- Reference: What works to prevent partner violence: An evidence overview. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Globally, 243 million women and girls aged 15-49 have been subjected to sexual and/or physical violence perpetrated by an intimate partner in the previous 12 months (since 6 April 2020) - this number is likely to increase as security, health, and money create heightened tensions as people are confined to homes.
- Reference: COVID-19 and Ending Violence Against Women and Girls. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
Child, early and forced marriage and other harmful traditional practices
Child, early and forced marriage (CEFM) and other harmful traditional practices are practiced in several parts of the world and, in times of conflict and economic stress, can become a coping strategy.
- CEFM occurs around the world, and cuts across countries, cultures, religions and ethnicities: 45% of girls under age 18 are married in South Asia; 39% in sub-Saharan Africa; 23% in Latin America and the Caribbean; 18% in the Middle East and North Africa; and in some communities in Europe and North America too.
- Reference: An Information Sheet: child marriage around the world. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- In general, CEFM practices are concentrated in the poorest countries of the world, particularly affecting those in poor households. Girls who marry young also face greater threats of chronic poverty.
- Reference: An Information Sheet: child marriage around the world. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- The global number of child brides is estimated at 650 million (Global distribution of girls and women married before age 18). Regional trends indicate that global progress has been driven by reductions in South Asia.
- Reference: New Global Estimates of Child Marriage. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
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Globally, child marriage rates have continued to slowly decline. In the past decade, the number of young women who were married as children decreased by 15%, from 1 in 4 (25%) to approximately 1 in 5 (21%). However, unless efforts to to tackle child marriage are significantly increased, the international community will miss its target to end child marriage by 2030.
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Reference: Latest Trends and Future Prospects. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
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Every year, at least 12 million girls are married before they reach the age of 18. Girls married before 18 are at greater risk of physical, sexual and emotional abuse.
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References:
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Child Marriage Data. (all Retrieved November 16, 2021)
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- Female genital cutting (FGC/M) takes place in over 28 countries today – across Africa, Asia and the Middle East and in diaspora communities. It can create lifelong physical and psychological harms like complications in urination, menses, and birth, and sometimes death.
- Reference: Harmful Traditional Practices affecting women and girls. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- While the exact number of girls and women worldwide who have undergone FGM remains unknown, at least 200 million girls and women have been cut in 30 countries based on prevalence data.
- Reference: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Dowry-related violence affects an estimated 25,000 newly married women each year.
- Reference: Harmful Traditional Practices affecting women and girls. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Violence related to son preference – such as sex-based abortion and infanticide – are evidence in skewed birth and population ratios. For example in Central, South and East Asia, as well as Europe. [1] For example in Liechtenstein, Azerbaijan, Armenia, China, India, Vietnam, Albania and Georgia over 110 males are born for every 100 females.[2]
- References:
- Harmful Traditional Practices affecting women and girls.
- List of countries by sex ratio. (all Retrieved March 2017).
- References:
Emergencies and violence
In times of war and in humanitarian emergencies, women often face amplified risks in terms of violence.
- Child, early and forced marriage is particularly widespread in conflict-affected countries and humanitarian settings.
- Reference: Child Marriage Data. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- While disruptions from emergencies raise risks of generalized violence, violent conflicts and disasters especially see the amplification of existing harmful practices and inequalities. Reasons behind this are often linked to lack of protection for populations affected by crises, group disempowerment, as well as tactics for livelihood security (as seen through child marriage trends and sexual exploitation, for example).
- References:
- For example, following the 2011 floods in Pakistan, a survey found 52% of community members saw safety and privacy of women and girls as a concern. A rapid assessment with displaced persons affected by conflict revealed that many women and girls faced aggravated domestic violence, early and forced marriage and other forms of GBV.
- Reference: Guidelines for Gender Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- In Liberia, a survey of 1666 adults found that 32.6% of male combatants had faced sexual violence, with 16.5% forced to act as sexual servants.
- Reference: Guidelines for Gender Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- In Mali, displaced families from the North (where FGC/M is not common) reported taking up this practice after facing social stigma whilst displaced in Southern regions where FGC/M is a norm.
- Reference: Guidelines for Gender Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Rape of both women and men as a weapon of war is documented in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sri Lanka, Chile, Greece, Iran, Kuwait, the former Soviet Union and parts of the former Yugoslavia.
- Reference: Male Rape and Human Rights. Hastings Law Journal, 60(605). (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Sexual violence is reported to be employed as a tactic of war, terrorism, torture and repression across geographies and time, This includes the targeting of victims on the basis of their actual or perceived ethnic, religious, political or clan affiliation. Sexual violence has been employed by the armed and violent extremist groups named in the present report as a vehicle of persecution, directed in particular towards women and girls of reproductive age, as the perceived transmitters of cultural and ethnic identity and the symbolic repositories of familial and national “honour.” Perpetrators of this violence include non-state as well as state actors.
- Reference: Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-related sexual violence. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- GBV against men and boys as victims has been reported in terms of forced perpetration and bystanders to acts of harassment, humiliation, sexual assault and genital mutilation. These were often used to “emasculate” male victims.
- Reference: Male Rape and Human Rights. Hastings Law Journal, 60(605). (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
The situation in Syria and neighboring countries is a case in point.
- Syrian refugee women and girls face heightened risk of assault amid conflict – via exposure to state violence at checkpoints and border crossings, and in detention facilities or camp settings (made worse with poor infrastructure and lighting, that put people at risk when accessing water, sanitation or other basic needs).
- Reference: Senior UN official warns of 'widespread and systematic' sexual violence in Syria, Iraq. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- In some places, practices of child marriage have increased in communities where trends found the practice to be in decline. For example, in Syria the rate of child marriage was 13% before the war, though among Syrian refugee communities in Jordan the rate of child marriage is now 36%.
- References:
- There are reports of GBV (including child marriage) as a weapon of war in Syria and Iraq. This has particularly targeted those in the Yazidi minority group.
- References:
- Rape and domestic violence follow Syrian women into refugee camps
- Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa. (all Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- References:
- Domestic violence and sexual exploitation are widely reported in sprawling refugee camps.
- Reference: On her own: How women forced to flee from Syria are shouldering increased responsibility as they struggle to survive. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
Impacts of GBV
Across the globe, 60% of women face reproductive health issues related to GBV.
Reference: The role of data in addressing violence against women and girls.
- Across the globe, 60% of women face reproductive health issues related to GBV. Overall, health impacts of GBV include unwanted pregnancies from unsafe abortions, sexual transmitted infections, acute and chronic illnesses and psycho-social trauma.
- References:
- The role of data in addressing violence against women and girls.
- Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women. (all Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- References:
- Communities terrorized by genocide, or ethnic conflict and disenfranchisement, can be characterized by post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, suicide, hyper-masculinities, and domestic violence.
- Reference: Addressing ethnic conflict, genocide and mass violence. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Children who grow up witnessing domestic abuse are at a higher risk of experiencing physical, psychological, and emotional abuse themselves. Based on two separate meta-analyses witnessing abuse as a child has been found to be a moderate risk factor for abuse perpetration by men in adulthood.
- References:
- Intimate partner violence is also correlated with negative health outcomes like injuries, HIV and STD infection, low birth weight babies, unintended/coerced pregnancies, alcohol use, depression and suicide, and death by homicide etc.
- Reference: Who is vulnerable to gender-based violence? (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Female genital cutting is associated with lifelong physical and psychological harms like compilations in urination, menses and birth.
- Reference: Harmful Traditional Practices affecting women and girls. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- GBV adds to the cost of public health and social welfare systems and reduces the ability of many survivors to participate in social and economic life. It also contributes to a culture of fear, where women and girls are less likely to get involved in public life.
- Reference: Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
Impact of COVID-19 on Violence Against Women and Girls
- Global emerging data and stories from people on the front lines suggest that all sorts of violence against women and girls, notably domestic abuse, has increased since the onset of COVID-19.
- Reference: The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
Social norms and GBV
Despite two decades of policies and plans to eradicate GBV, its general rates continue to grow at varying rates.
Reference: Gender Based Violence and Reproductive Health of Indigenous Women in Mexico.
GBV is underpinned by social norms about women and men’s roles, and masculinity and femininity, as well as expectations and status related to class, caste, age, religion, tribe/ethnicity, etc. These norms shape individual attitudes and behaviors, and deviating from these norms can often bring shame and disapproval
For example, social and cultural norms that promote and perpetuate intimate partner violence include:[1]
- A man has a right to physically discipline a woman over “incorrect” behavior
- Intimate partner violence is a “taboo” subject to discuss publicly
- Sex is a man’s right in marriage
- Sexual activity (including rape) is a marker of masculinity
- Women and girls are responsible for controlling men’s sexual urges
- Social norms – particularly those related to gender but also youth sexuality, family privacy, family and male honor, child obedience and acceptability of divorce – act as a powerful influence either to perpetuate or shift partner violence.
- Reference: "What works to prevent partner violence: An evidence overview" STRIVE. (Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- Reports have also found that cultures characterized by the denial of women’s access to resources and decision-making power, low status of women in comparison to men and normalization of domestic violence, are correlated to state repression and violent conflict.
- References:
- Gender and conflict early warning: A framework for action.
- Sex and World Peace. (all Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- References:
For child marriage, norms perpetuating the practice include parental pressure to control girls’ sexuality rather than support positive environments for exploring sexuality and choice:
- Value on girls’ virginity at marriage as a reflection of family honor, and fears of pregnancy before marriage. This is linked to social pressure to marry girls following cases of rape
- Silencing of girls from expressing their preferences and needs against coercive practices can put them at risk – both to child marriage as well as other sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) risks.[2]
- Expectations for male dominance, virility and control in sexual relationships, alongside women’s subordination.[3]
- Linked to this, WHO mortality data reported suicide or death by self-harm now out-ranks maternal causes of death for girls, ages 10-19, globally.[4]
- References:
- Heise, L. (December 2011). "What works to prevent partner violence: An evidence overview" STRIVE
- ABAAD (2015) Regional seminar on Child Marriage during democratic transition and armed conflicts ; Girls Not Brides Website ; Why does child marriage happen?
- Engaging Men and Boys to Address the Practice of Child Marriage. Washington, DC.;
- The Truth behind the suicide statistic for older teen girls.
- More than 1.2 million adolescents die every year, nearly all preventable. (all Retrieved November 16, 2021).
- References:
Violence targeting marginalized and criminalized groups
Certain groups of women and girls – indigenous women, women with disabilities, refugee women and women who identify as lesbian, bisexual or transgender – are particularly vulnerable to violence.
Violence against LGBTQI+ people
Historically and even today, forced sterilization has been used by governments to target vulnerable groups of people who are poor, disabled, indigenous and ethnic minorities, transgender, HIV-positive, and intersex.
Reference: Eliminating Forced, Coercive and Otherwise Involuntary Sterilization: An Interagency Statement. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- LGBTQI+ people are particularly targeted by GBV. 76 countries criminalize same sex relationships between consenting adults and transgender identities (notably in Africa, Central Asia, Southwest Asia/the Middle East, the Caribbean and Oceania), exposing individuals to criminalization and state violence, as well as militia/individual hate violence.
- Reference: Fact Sheet: Criminalization. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Studies have found severe victimization against LGBTQI+ people, who face disproportionately high levels of threats, violence and harassment. These experiences have been correlated with higher mental health distress, depression, addiction and suicide.
- Reference: Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Statistics on homophobic and transphobic violence are scarce, though Trans respect vs. Transphobia Worldwide reported that between 2017-2018, 369 cases of reported killings of trans and non-binary people have been documented worldwide, particularly in Brazil, Mexico, the United States and Colombia. However, reporting targeted violence against trans and non-binary people goes under-reported, as survivors may not come forward and systems in place may not track these abuses. However, general trends are that this violence is widespread, brutal and often met with impunity.
- References:
- Fact sheet: Homophobic and transphobic violence
- Trans Day of Remembrance 2018 Press Release. (all Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- References:
- News outlets have reported multiple incidents of targeting and murders of prominent LGBTQI rights activists. Over the past five years, news have reported killings of prominent activists within the community in Turkey, Argentina, Uganda, Bangladesh ,Honduras, Colombia, Pakistan, El Salvador, the United States, Georgia, Mexico, South Africa, India. LGBTQI Pride parades have also been sites of violent attacks.
- References:
- People who face criminalization and stigmatization due to their gender identity and sexual orientation, are made particularly targeted state and militia violence, while also facing barriers to health care, housing, education and jobs.
- Reference: Unsafe haven: The security challenges facing lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender asylum seekers and refugees in Turkey. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Because to COVID-19, and even before that, many transgender and non-binary people have been rejected or are hesitant to seek gender-affirming and accessible health care. Medical practitioners are prioritizing COVID-related care over HIV and trans-related care, limiting access to HIV and trans-related care.
- Reference: How Transgender and Non-Binary Communities Around the World Are Being Impacted by COVID-19. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
Violence against indigenous women and girls
Race and ethnic discrimination, colonialism, age, gender, and dispossession of lands put indigenous women in positions that expose them to higher rates of GBV.
- Studies have found that indigenous and ethnic minority groups in Nepal, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Bolivia, Thailand and Uganda disproportionately face hazardous economic and sexual exploitation.
- Reference: Elimination and responses to violence, exploitation and abuse of indigenous girls, adolescents and young women. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- For indigenous women and girls, gender biases and stereotypes often intersect with and compound systemic racism and colonialism. This is closely tied to the systemic exclusion, poverty, marginalization and exposure to state as well as interpersonal violence targeting indigenous women and girls.
- Reference: Ongoing Systemic Inequalities and Violence against Indigenous Women in Canada. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- In the context of colonialism, forced sterilization of indigenous women have been documented in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Peru and Mexico.
- References:
- An act of genocide: Colonialism and the sterilization of aboriginal women
- Stolen wombs: indigenous women most at risk. (all Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- References:
- Higher rates of GBV targeting indigenous women have also been documented in the context of forced displacement and political conflict in Central and South America, the Asia-Pacific as well as Eastern and Central Africa.
- Reference: Elimination and responses to violence, exploitation and abuse of indigenous girls, adolescents and young women. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Bolivia, India and the Philippines report higher rates of partner violence faced by indigenous/scheduled tribal women.
- Reference: Elimination and responses to violence, exploitation and abuse of indigenous girls, adolescents and young women. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- For indigenous women and girls, gender biases and stereotypes often intersect with, and compound, systemic racism and colonialism when placed in contact with the criminal justice system.
- Reference: Legal Strategy Coalition on Violence against Indigenous Women: ongoing systemic inequalities and ongoing violence against indigenous women in Canada. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- The Australian National Research Organization for Women's Safety has published: Innovative models in addressing violence against Indigenous women, which focuses on a paradigm shift from a criminal justice model towards a collective process of community healing grounded in Indigenous knowledge. This approach builds on the work of Indigenous women's groups in Australia who work to address individual and community experiences of violence, given the oppression indigenous women face in the context of settler colonialism and patriarchy.
- Reference: Innovative models in addressing violence against Indigenous women. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
Violence against women and girls with disabilities
- There is less visibility or documentation specifically related to GBV facing people with disabilities. However, the UN reports over half of women with disabilities have experienced physical abuse in their lifetime.
- Reference: Gender-based violence against women with visual and physical disabilities. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- According to the World Health Organization, people with disabilities are 3 times more likely to face sexual abuse, physical abuse or rape.
- Reference: Human Rights Watch (2015). Include women, girls with disabilities in anti-violence efforts: new resource on gender-based violence for people with disabilities. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Globally, women and girls with disabilities face social stereotypes and biases that attempt to dehumanize or infantilize, exclude or isolate them from society. People with disabilities also face multiple barriers in access to information, transport, health services and care.
- Reference: Include women, girls with disabilities in anti-violence efforts: new resource on gender-based violence for people with disabilities. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- In addition to facing the same spectrum of violence and rights abuses that non-disabled women and girls face, women and girls with disabilities have also faced specific abuses including forced sterilization, marital restrictions, forced separation from their children and additional abuses related to the violence and abuses linked to institutionalization.
- Reference: Violence against women with disabilities. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
Violence against sex workers
- Sex workers have a 45 to 75% chance of experiencing sexual violence at some point in their careers and a 32 to 55% chance of experiencing sexual violence in a given year.
- Reference: A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- A survey conducted by academic researchers in 2010 found that, within a six-month period, 50 percent of sex workers in Papua New Guinea capital Port Moresby had been raped by clients or by the police.
- Reference: Sex Workers at Risk: A Research Summary of Human Rights Abuses Against Sex Workers. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Sex workers face attacks, discrimination, and injustice – at the hands of police, clients, exploitative third parties involved in sex work, landlords, family, community and healthcare providers.
- Reference: Sex Workers at Risk: A Research Summary of Human Rights Abuses Against Sex Workers. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Human Rights Watch has documented widespread police abuses against sex workers in Cambodia and mainland China, including beatings and arbitrary detention.
- Reference: Sex Workers at Risk: A Research Summary of Human Rights Abuses Against Sex Workers. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
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In a time of COVID-19, direct sex work has been restricted due to lockdown measures, but sex workers face greater health and social risks because stigma and criminalization mean that sex workers may not seek, or be eligible for, government-issued social protection, or economic initiatives to support small businesses.
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Reference: Sex workers must not be forgotten about in the COVID-19 response. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
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Levers of Change
Evidence also points to levers of change
- A review of policies from 1975-2005 across 70 countries found feminist movements have been the most consistent and important change factor in shaping national policy to support women affected by domestic violence.
- A review of policies from 1975-2005 across 70 countries found feminist movements have been the most consistent and important change factor in shaping national policy to support women affected by domestic violence.
- Reference: Feminist mobilization and progressive policy change: why governments take action to combat violence against women, Gender & Development (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Emerging research has found restorative and transformative justice processes to be a promising approach, though they require intensive and skillful facilitation. Evaluations have found that these processes are a preferred pathway for survivors of violence in many cases, who express more interest in ensuring abusive behaviors do not continue rather than seeking punitive or retributive justice. Early reviews of these processes have been found to be effective in promoting an empowering process for survivors, and transforming individuals beyond violence, though require strong facilitation skills and engagement.
- References:
- "What works to prevent partner violence: An evidence overview"
- Restorative Justice in cases of sexual violence: exploring the views of the public and survivors.
- Toward Transformative justice: A liberatory approach to child sexual abuse and other forms of intimate and community violence. (all Retrieved November 17, 2021)
- References:
- Looking at dismantling some of the drivers of violence, potential factors that could curb GBV in addition to social norms change, are in legal measures that promote women’s equal access to land, property and other productive resources
- Reference: Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of data from population-based surveys. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- In general, girls who have attained secondary education are up to six times less likely to be married as a child, in comparison to those with little or no access to education.
- References:
- Solutions to End Child Marriage: What the evidence shows.
- Progress for Children: A World Fit for Children Statistical Review. ; The State of the World's Children 2007. (all Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- An analysis also found that higher proportions of women active in the formal economy is linked to lower prevalence of partner violence.
- Reference: Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of data from population-based surveys. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- A summary of women-led mass movements on the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America to protest right-wing conservative policies, femicide, gender-based violence, and forms of state-sanctioned violence.
- Reference: Women of Struggle, Women in Struggle. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- According to a study conducted in Canada, better educational and employment supports, as well as access to queer and gender inclusive healthcare and trauma-informed mental health treatments, are required to improve the health of trans and non-binary individuals.
- According to a Sri Lankan study, one strategy to avoid gender-based violence is to question gender norms and preconceptions that make it acceptable in society.
- Reference: The effect of a community based health promotion intervention to change gender norms among women in a rural community in Sri Lanka. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- A European study, involving 6 countries, combined a positive youth development framework with educational understanding on the significance of promoting gender equality and preventing and combating gender violence.
- Reference: Lights4Violence: a quasi-experimental educational intervention in six European countries to promote positive relationships among adolescents. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
- Sex worker organizations have mobilized during COVID-19 to circulate hardship funds, assisting with financial relief applications, advocating for the inclusion of sex workers in government responses to the pandemic, and basic labor rights to facilitate safer working conditions and providing health and safety guidance in direct or online services.
- Reference: Sex-workers' resilience to the COVID-19 crisis: a list of initiatives. (Retrieved November 17, 2021).
Links
WHO Violence Prevention Information System
A knowledge platform of research and findings on forms of interpersonal violence, the prevalence, risk factors, consequences and strategies for prevention.
2017 WHO